The Detection And Treatment Of Cancer - 1554 Words

How is a greater understanding of genetics fuelling a change in our diagnosis and treatment of cancer? It is estimated by Cancer Research UK that one in two people in the UK will get cancer at some point in their lives . This startling statistic shows an inept global failure to bring about control of one of most prevalent and fatal known diseases. But the growth in cancer incidence is not confined to the UK; in 2012 14.1 million new people were diagnosed worldwide, with forty percent of these new cases originating in countries of a low or medium HDI . This essay will focus on the how genomics are revolutionising the detection and treatment of cancer in the twenty-first century. Genomes are composed of the DNA that is contained in cells†¦show more content†¦But this is very large, so often, only the exome is sequenced; the parts of the genome that can be transcribed into messenger RNA, and therefore encodes proteins. Sometimes, the changes are not in the actual sequence of the DNA. Some of the letters are marked by the addition of a special chemical and these marks change how a cell sees these sequences. Therefore, these marks can change which proteins are made in which cells. The entire collection of chemical marks on your DNA is called the epigenome. Scientists now have ways of finding the areas of the genome that have these marks. They can use these methods to find out when the DNA of a cancer cell has more or less of these marks, or has them in different places, than the DNA of a normal cell to detect the presence of cancer. Scientists who have looked at large scale genome studies have been able to categorise the different genetic alterations into two types; driver or passenger mutations. Driver mutations are changes that confer a selective growth advantage on the cell. In other words, they contribute directly to the cell becoming cancerous. They are therefore potential targets for cancer therapies. Passenger mutations have no direct effect on cancer growth. These are random mutations that accumulate as a person ages, and also occur due to genomic instability in cancer cells. However, importantly they do not contribute to cancer. The formation of cancer is a multi-stage process, in which a normal healthy cell

Title Ix An Important Part Of The American Culture

Title IX Sports have an important part in the American culture. Today’s ratio of girls in high school who take part in sports is 1 in 3. In 1970, the ratio was only 1 in 27. Now some of the greatest rising sport stars are women. Americans didn’t believe girls and women could play sports such as basketball, rugby, soccer, and many more. Basically girls and women were underestimated due to the fact America thought they couldn’t play a sport that a boy or man could play. The Educational Amendments of 1972, states that everyone needs to be treated equally no matter race or gender. Most important amendment is the Title IX. Now it seems like it just about sports but it goes way deeper than that. Title IX bans any sexually†¦show more content†¦They were targeted if they became pregnant and was expelled. Lastly girls and women couldn’t participate in sports that boys and men played. According to United States of Department of Labor, the Educatio n Amendments of 1972 states â€Å"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity† (U.S. Department Of Labor). Back in 1960-70s girls and women weren’t offered this same opportunities as boys and men. June 23, 1972 Birch Bayh the Senate of Indiana and Edith Green of the House of Representatives sponsor the Title IX. Title IX bans sex discrimination amongst any educational curriculums and sports. Representative Patsy Mink authored of Title IX in 1970. However she tweaked the focus of the law. The hiring and employment practices of federally financed institutions. She later changed the name to Patsy Mink Opportunity in Education Act in 2002. In the remarks of Senator Birch Bayh while on the floor of his proposal on Title IX he said: â€Å"While the impact of this amendment would be far-reaching†, Bayh concluded, à ¢â‚¬Å"It is not a panacea. It is, however, an important first step in the effort to provide for the women of America something that is rightfully theirs—an equal chance to attend the schools of their choice, to develop the skills they want, and to apply those skills with the knowledge that they

‘Popular’ Music Free Essays

‘Popular music’ is the broadest and as the name would suggest most popular genre of music today. The term ‘Popular Music’ was first used in the 19th century but it is the twentieth century that has seen the most developments in popular music. , the technology it uses and the media it is conveyed in The start of ‘Pop Music’ is generally thought to have been in the 1950’s with the advent of Rock ‘n’ Roll. We will write a custom essay sample on ‘Popular’ Music or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is when music was first really brought to a mass audience watching on television. By the end of the 1950’s over half the population owned a television. Millions more than at the start of the decade. Popular bands were made ‘popular’ because they were being brought to the masses. The 1960’s saw a broadening in ‘popular music’ with TV shows such as ‘Top of The Pops’ showing a selection of hits from the top 40 of the singles chart. This use of the media brought most styles of music that were popular to a mass audience. Later in the 1970’s and 80’s pop magazines were introduced. Some such as ‘Smash Hits! were aimed at the younger early teen end of the market while others such as ‘NME’ or ‘New Musical Express’ were aimed at older more refined music fans to popular music. The late 1980’s saw a flurry of new popular music magazines, many of which are still popular today, rock magazine ‘Kerrang! ‘ being a leading example. I believe that the 1990’s h as seen a ‘dumbing-down’ of some magazines such as ‘Smash Hits! ‘. Now aimed at an even younger possibly pre-teen audience it is little more than a promotional vehicle for the groups and artists represented in it’s pages. The featured groups in these magazines are often from a new sub-genre that has developed from the 1980’s to now and is known as the manufactured band. In recent years the idea of manufactured bands or artists has been embraced into the reality TV format with shows such as ‘Pop Idol’ showing the development of a band or artist live on TV. I believe this innovation has been bad for music in general as the top 40 chart is now flooded with either reality TV winners, reality TV losers or artists who have gone through a similar process but have not been televised in doing so. In recent years music television has risen to the fore as a major part of an artist’s success. When MTV was launched in the early 80’s who could have thought that the music video would become the phenomenon it now is. Artists spend millions of pounds and hundreds of hours making sure their video is just right. In the early 21st century there are now over 20 music channels showing every thing from rock to rap, from classical to teen pop. However nowadays all artist’s videos are so good that the music video seems to have gone full circle and now the music is more important again. In the pop music industry there have been thousands of innovations over the years but no genre has surpassed the sub genre of rap for innovative ideas. Originating from street corners where young black males would ‘battle’ against each other using lyrics rap is now a multi-billion pound industry with the leading players earning vast fortunes. Rap has certainly come a long way since it’s humble beginnings. The 1980’s were a massive decade of innovation for rap, a genre that had begun in the 70’s. the start of the 80’s rappers were still using manual mixers to combine beats and mix tracks in the way that has become a hallmark of rap. By 1990 rappers were using digital mixers to blend beats more harmoniously. The result a more clear-cut sound that has perhaps made rap the music of the 90’s. Pop music has come a long way since it begun in the 1950’s. Technology and the media have perhaps had as larger part in pop music’s succe ss than the music itself. However I believe the media has become too involved nowadays by creating stars themselves while not playing other artist’s music. After all ‘popular music’ should be about the music not making things popular. However there is one dark cloud that looms over the organisations that run the music industry such as record labels and the media. The Internet. Technology has now come so far that music files can now be swapped over the Internet through such software such as ‘Napster’ or ‘Kazaa’. Now when a teenager hears a song he or she likes on the radio they don’t rush to the record store. They rush to their computer. It is not just teenagers either. Millions of adults indulge in this type of music piracy every day. Even though they are ripping off the very artists they love. I believe however that the problem is not with the designers of ‘Kazaa’ or with the people who are downloading it. After all millions of people use these services, law abiding ordinary people. The reason for this I believe is because people see record companies as big faceless corporations who don’t really care about music or people, just making money. I think it is the music companies responsibility to stop people using these ways of obtaining music by making ‘popular music’ mor about music and less about money. How to cite ‘Popular’ Music, Papers

Life Of Arthur Conan Doyle Essay Example For Students

Life Of Arthur Conan Doyle Essay Life of Sir Arthur Conan DoyleSir Arthur Conan Doyle, a British physician who later devoted his life to writing,has become one of the most popular and widespread authors and creators of all time. Doyles early childhood years to his later years in life have allowed him to observe manysophisticated yet adventurous paths, in which have inspired him greatly to become aninfluence on spiritualistic views as an author and crusader. His interests andachievements in medicine, politics, and spiritualism have allowed him to create theiridescent master detective of fiction, Sherlock Holmes. His creation of Sherlock Holmesin his mystery novels has brought him fame amongst many people, even so SherlockHolmes may be one of the most popular and recognized characters of English Literature. On May 22nd, 1859, Arthur Conan Doyle was born at Picardy Place, inEdinburgh, Scotland. His father, Charles, was an architect-clerk at the GovernmentOffice of Works in Edinburgh where he married Mary Foley in1855. Arthur had threesisters and one brother, with quite a large family occasionally times got hard as moneygrew scarce, fortunately his father sold paintings on the side to earn extra money (Jaffe3). When Arthur Doyle was seven years old he was sent to school and for two yearshe was toughened by the schoolmaster and his punishments of lacerations (Pearson 2). The schoolmaster wasnt the only thing that toughened him, he was also used to getting inquarrels with other children and became quite a fighter, especially if he saw a bullypicking on someone smaller and weaker (Pearson 3). Along with his ruggedcharacteristics, young Arthur loved to read. He found himself caught up in books ofaction and adventure, his favorite one being Scalp Hunters by Mayne Reid which he readnumerous times. Arthur was also somewhat interested in poetry and he showed it bylearning Macaulays Lay of Horatius by heart. At the age of nine, Arthur went to Hodderthe preparatory school for Stonyhurst College, which also was located in Edinburgh(Jaffe 8). On a journey to Preston, in Lancashire, he started to feel lonely andexperienced homesickness. When he arrived at Preston, he joined a group of other kidsand was driven the remaining twelve miles with a Jesuit, a follower of Jesus in RomanCatholicism. He stayed at Hodder for two years, where he was partially happy, then theFranco-German War had arisen and gave him something to dream about during hislessons. He would find himself daydreaming about fascinating adventures to escape hisregular days of studies which constantly bored him (Pearson 4). He then went on to Stonyhurst College, where he found himself suffering inclasses of Latin, Greek, and Algebra. Near the end of his life Arthur wrote I can saywith truth that my Latin and Greek have been little use to me in life, and that mymathematics have been no use at all.(Carr 10) Doyle may not have enjoyed Latin orAlgebra, on the other hand he seemed to pick up reading and writing skills automatically . The Jesuits who were guarding and keeping Doyle and the boys in order believed thatdry knowledge could only be absorbed with dry food, so the nourishment they receivedwas quite unappetizing (Jaffe 16). The discipline they received was pretty brutal,because if the demands for religion were unsatisfied, and if the young mens behavior wasnot well, the Jesuits applied a more encouraging correction. Doyle remembers thispunishment quite well, through his own experience, he describes it as the instrument ofcorrection, it was a piece of India-rubber of the shape and size of a thick boot sole.Oneblow of this instrument, delivered with intent, would cause the palm of the hand to swellup and change color. Arthur had wondered if any other boys had endured more of thebrutal punishment than he. Doyle wrote I went out of my way to do really mischievousand outrageous things simply to show that my spirit was unbroken. (Pearson 5) Duringhis stay at the college, Doyle wrote much verse that he though t was nothing but thisshowed to everyone else that he had a literary gift. He was also encouraged to tell storiesto the other boys sitting in a circle, his favorite stories talking about murders andmysteries, and he was able to captivate his audiences with his ability. Upon his last year,he edited the College magazine, and amazed everyone by taking honors in the LondonMatric before he left Stonyhurst at the age of sixteen (Carr 13). We will write a custom essay on Life Of Arthur Conan Doyle specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page One Of This Centurys Icons In Photography Henri-Cartier Bresson, Thou EssaySir Arthur Conan Doyle literary works have been fully influenced throughout hisentire life. From his early childhood of adventure and wonder, to his schooling atStonyhurst and Edinburgh, to all the people he has met, including the most important Dr. Bell who was later made into Sherlock Holmes in his writing. His unique ability tocreate a living character and also a living author as Dr. John H. Watson from which viewthe mysteries are told will leave him a permanent mark in English Literature. Works ConsultedCarr, John Dickson. The Life of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. New York: Harper ; Brothers, 1949. Costello, Peter. The Real World of Sherlock Holmes. New York: Carroll ; Graf Publishers Inc., 1991. Harrison, Michael. In the Footsteps of Sherlock Holmes. New York: Drake Publishers,1972. Higham, Charles. The Aventures of Conan Doyle. New York, Norton Publishers, 1976. Jaffe, Jacqueline A. Arthur Conan Doyle. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1987. Keating, H.R.F. Sherlock Holmes/The Man and His World. New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1979. Pearson, Hesketh. Conan Doyle/His Life and Art. New York: Taplinger Publishing Co.,1977. Rosenberg, Samuel. Naked is the Best Disguise:The Death and Ressurection of Sherlock Holmes. London: Arlington Books, 1975. Wood, James Playsted. The Man who Hated Sherlock Holmes; A Life of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. New York: Pantheon Books, 1965. Category: English